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Table 1 Overview of exRNA detection in renal diseases

From: Extracellular RNA in renal diseases

Disease

Species/Model

Specimen

Type of RNA

Results

References

AKI

Human

Plasma

miRNA

Circulating miR-210 predicts mortality of critically ill patients with AKI.

[28]

Human/mice (I/R)

Urine

miRNA

Urinary levels of miRNA-494 increased significantly before the rise in serum creatinine.

[29]

Mice (I/R)

Urine/serum

miRNA

Levels of urinary miR-10a and miR-30d were positively correlated with the degree of kidney injury induced by renal I/R.

[30]

Rat (Cisplatin)

Urine

miRNA

Eleven miRNAs were markedly changed in profiling experiment, which were involved with cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

[31]

Mice (glycerol)

Blood

mRNA

MRNA from MSCs accelerated the morphologic and functional recovery of glycerol-induced AKI by inducing proliferation of tubular cells.

[32]

Mice (glycerol)

Blood

miRNA

MiRNA depletion in MSCs significantly reduced their intrinsic regenerative potential in AKI.

[33]

In vitro (ATP depletion)

Blood

miRNA

MiRNAs from MSCs were involved in recovery process in PTECs.

[34]

In vitro (Cisplatin)

Blood

mRNA

Transfer of IGF-1R mRNA from MSCs to cisplatin damaged proximal tubular cells increased cell proliferation.

[35]

CKD/fibrosis

Human/Mice (Alb/TGF-beta)/In vitro (TGF-beta1)

Plasma/Urine

miRNA

Specific urinary and plasma miRNA profile, such as Let-7a, miR-130a, miR-1825, miR-1281 and miR-423 were associated with declined eGFR and renal fibrosis.

[36]

Human

Blood/Urine

miRNA

Circulating levels of total and specific miRNAs were reduced in patients with severe CKD and strongly correlated with eGFR.

[38]

Mice (obstructive renal fibrosis)

Blood

miRNA

Bone marrow derived miR-144 protected the integrity of tubular basement membrane by inhibiting the activation of the tPA/MMP9-mediated proteolytic network.

[47]

Mice (obstructive renal fibrosis)

Kidney

mRNA

TGF-beta1 mRNA from injured epithelial cells constituted a rapid response to initiate tissue repair/regenerative responses and activation of fibroblasts.

[48]

Mice (obstructive renal fibrosis)

Kidney

miRNA

MiR-21 from injured tubular cells targeted PTEN protein and enhanced Akt signaling in recipient tubular cells.

[49]

Mice (obstructive renal fibrosis)

Kidney

miRNA

Secreted fibroblast miR-34a induced tubular cell apoptosis by targeting Bcl-2 protein.

[50]

PKD

Human

Urine

miRNA

Urinary miR-1, miR-133, miR-223 and miR-199 were dysregulated in ADPKD when compared to other CKD.

[51]

DKD

Human

Urine

mRNA

Urinary mRNA levels of CXCL9 and CXCL11 correlated with baseline eGFR. Urinary CXCL9 mRNA level was independently associated with the rate of GFR decline.

[53]

Human/Mice (STZ)

Urine

miRNA

Urinary exosomal miRNA content is enriched in type 1 diabetic patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy.

[54]

Human

Urine

miRNA

Urinary exosomal miR-320c and miR-6068 were altered in type 2 diabetic patients with DKD.

[55]

Human

Urine

miRNA

Urinary extracellular vesicle miR-192 may discriminate the normoalbuminuric group from the microalbuminuric group of type 2 diabetes patients.

[56]

LN

Human

Urine

miRNA

MiR-29c levels in urinary exosomes showed a negatively strong correlation with the histological chronicity index and glomerular sclerosis in patients with LN.

[57]

Human/Mice (autoimmune glomerulonephritis)

Urine

miRNA

Urinary exosomes miR-26a levels in B6.MRLc1 and patients with lupus nephritis were significantly higher compared with those for the respective healthy control.

[58]

Tumor

Human

Serum

miRNA

MiR-1233 was increased in serum of RCC patients.

[59]

Human

Blood

miRNA

The level of plasma miR-508-3p in RCC patients was significantly different from that in control.

[60]

Human

Urine

miRNA

The RNA ratio of miRNA-126: miRNA-152 in urine enabled the detection of urothelial bladder cancer.

[61]

Transplantation

Human

Urine

miRNA

The urinary miR-210 level identified patients with acute rejection and predicted long-term kidney function.

[62]

Human

Urine

mRNA

Urinary exosomal IL-18 mRNA was increased in CKD after transplantation.

[63]

  1. AKI Acute kidney injury, I/R Ischemia/reperfusion, MSC Mesenchymal stem cell, CKD Chronic kidney disease, Alb Albumin, TGF-beta Transforming growth factor-beta, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, tPA Tissue plasminogen activator, MMP9 Matrix metallopeptidase 9, PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog, Bcl-2 B-cell lymphoma 2, PKD Polycystic kidney disease, ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, DKD Diabetic kidney disease, CXCL C-X-C motif chemokine ligand, STZ Streptozosin, LN Lupus nephritis, RCC Renal cell carcinoma