Fig. 3

Secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 by human PBMC cultures ex vivo. PBMCs were isolated before and six hours after milk consumption and cultured with or without ConA for 24 h. Boxes represents the 5th and 95th percentiles, horizontal bars are the medians, and error bars indicate the maximum values. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus milk-free and ConA-free controls. (Friedman rank sum test followed by pairwise comparisons using Nemenyi multiple comparison test; n = 12). ConA Concanavalin A, IL Interleukin, PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, TNF-alpha Tumor necrosis factor-alpha